Rezolvarea completă a subiectului de Bacalaureat 2021 la Matematică M_șt-nat , sesiunea iunie–iulie, varianta 2 . Pentru fiecare cerință găsești enunțul pe scurt, rezolvarea pas cu pas, răspunsul final și cum se punctează conform baremului oficial. Timp de lucru la examen: 3 ore; se acordă 10 puncte din oficiu.
Cum să folosești rezolvarea: lucrează întâi singur subiectul (deschide PDF-ul de mai sus), apoi compară fiecare pas. Dacă ai ajuns la alt drum corect, primești tot punctajul — baremul acceptă orice soluție corectă.
Subiectul I (30 de puncte)
1. Progresia geometrică cu b 1 = 2 b_1 = 2 b 1 = 2 , b 2 = 6 b_2 = 6 b 2 = 6 ; al treilea termen
q = b 2 b 1 = 3 q = \frac{b_2}{b_1} = 3 q = b 1 b 2 = 3 , b 3 = b 1 q 2 = 2 ⋅ 9 = 18 b_3 = b_1q^2 = 2\cdot9 = 18 b 3 = b 1 q 2 = 2 ⋅ 9 = 18 .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
2. f ( x ) = x + 7 f(x) = x + 7 f ( x ) = x + 7 , g ( x ) = x − 7 g(x) = x - 7 g ( x ) = x − 7 ; calculați ( f ∘ g ) ( 7 ) (f\circ g)(7) ( f ∘ g ) ( 7 )
g ( 7 ) = 0 g(7) = 0 g ( 7 ) = 0 , ( f ∘ g ) ( 7 ) = f ( 0 ) = 7 (f\circ g)(7) = f(0) = 7 ( f ∘ g ) ( 7 ) = f ( 0 ) = 7 .
Barem: 2p + 3p.
3. Ecuația 2 x − 1 = x − 2 \sqrt{2x - 1} = x - 2 2 x − 1 = x − 2
Condiție x ≥ 2 x \ge 2 x ≥ 2 . Ridicăm la pătrat: 2 x − 1 = x 2 − 4 x + 4 ⟺ x 2 − 6 x + 5 = 0 ⟺ x ∈ { 1 , 5 } 2x - 1 = x^2 - 4x + 4 \iff x^2 - 6x + 5 = 0 \iff x \in \{1, 5\} 2 x − 1 = x 2 − 4 x + 4 ⟺ x 2 − 6 x + 5 = 0 ⟺ x ∈ { 1 , 5 } .
x = 1 x = 1 x = 1 nu convine (1 − 2 < 0 1 - 2 < 0 1 − 2 < 0 ); x = 5 x = 5 x = 5 : 9 = 3 \sqrt9 = 3 9 = 3 ✔.
Răspuns: x = 5 x = 5 x = 5 . Barem: 3p + 2p.
4. Probabilitatea ca n n n de o cifră să verifice n ( n − 1 ) ( n − 2 ) ( n − 3 ) ( n − 4 ) > 0 n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4) > 0 n ( n − 1 ) ( n − 2 ) ( n − 3 ) ( n − 4 ) > 0
10 cazuri posibile. Pentru n ∈ { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } n \in \{0,1,2,3,4\} n ∈ { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } produsul e 0 0 0 ; pentru n ≥ 5 n \ge 5 n ≥ 5 toți factorii sunt pozitivi. Favorabile: 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 .
p = 5 10 = 1 2 . p = \frac5{10} = \frac12. p = 10 5 = 2 1 .
Barem: 2p + 2p + 1p.
5. A ( 1 , 1 ) A(1,1) A ( 1 , 1 ) , B ( − 1 , 0 ) B(-1,0) B ( − 1 , 0 ) , C ( 3 , 5 ) C(3,5) C ( 3 , 5 ) , D ( 5 , 6 ) D(5,6) D ( 5 , 6 ) : B B B , D D D și mijlocul lui A C AC A C sunt coliniare
Mijlocul lui A C AC A C : M ( 2 , 3 ) M(2, 3) M ( 2 , 3 ) . m B M = 3 − 0 2 + 1 = 1 m_{BM} = \frac{3 - 0}{2 + 1} = 1 m B M = 2 + 1 3 − 0 = 1 , m B D = 6 − 0 5 + 1 = 1 m_{BD} = \frac{6 - 0}{5 + 1} = 1 m B D = 5 + 1 6 − 0 = 1 . Pantele sunt egale (și au punctul B B B comun), deci B , D , M B, D, M B , D , M sunt coliniare. ■ \blacksquare ■
Barem: 3p + 2p.
6. x ∈ ( 0 , π ) x \in (0,\pi) x ∈ ( 0 , π ) cu ( sin x − cos x ) 2 = 2 (\sin x - \cos x)^2 = 2 ( sin x − cos x ) 2 = 2
sin 2 x − 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x = 2 ⟺ 1 − sin 2 x = 2 ⟺ sin 2 x = − 1. \sin^2x - 2\sin x\cos x + \cos^2x = 2 \iff 1 - \sin2x = 2 \iff \sin2x = -1. sin 2 x − 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x = 2 ⟺ 1 − sin 2 x = 2 ⟺ sin 2 x = − 1.
2 x ∈ ( 0 , 2 π ) 2x \in (0, 2\pi) 2 x ∈ ( 0 , 2 π ) , deci 2 x = 3 π 2 2x = \frac{3\pi}2 2 x = 2 3 π , x = 3 π 4 x = \frac{3\pi}4 x = 4 3 π .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
Subiectul al II-lea (30 de puncte)
1. A ( a ) = ( 1 + 2 a 2 a − 2 a 1 − 2 a ) A(a) = \begin{pmatrix}1 + 2^a & 2^a\\ -2^a & 1 - 2^a\end{pmatrix} A ( a ) = ( 1 + 2 a − 2 a 2 a 1 − 2 a )
Observație utilă: A ( a ) = I 2 + 2 a N A(a) = I_2 + 2^aN A ( a ) = I 2 + 2 a N , cu N = ( 1 1 − 1 − 1 ) N = \begin{pmatrix}1&1\\-1&-1\end{pmatrix} N = ( 1 − 1 1 − 1 ) și N 2 = O 2 N^2 = O_2 N 2 = O 2 .
a) det A ( 0 ) = 1 \det A(0) = 1 det A ( 0 ) = 1
A ( 0 ) = ( 2 1 − 1 0 ) , det = 0 + 1 = 1. A(0) = \begin{pmatrix}2&1\\-1&0\end{pmatrix},\quad \det = 0 + 1 = 1. A ( 0 ) = ( 2 − 1 1 0 ) , det = 0 + 1 = 1.
Barem: 3p + 2p.
b) A ( 1 ) + A ( 2 ) − A ( 1 ) A ( 2 ) = I 2 A(1) + A(2) - A(1)A(2) = I_2 A ( 1 ) + A ( 2 ) − A ( 1 ) A ( 2 ) = I 2
A ( 1 ) = ( 3 2 − 2 − 1 ) , A ( 2 ) = ( 5 4 − 4 − 3 ) , A ( 1 ) A ( 2 ) = ( 7 6 − 6 − 5 ) , A(1) = \begin{pmatrix}3&2\\-2&-1\end{pmatrix},\ A(2) = \begin{pmatrix}5&4\\-4&-3\end{pmatrix},\ A(1)A(2) = \begin{pmatrix}7&6\\-6&-5\end{pmatrix}, A ( 1 ) = ( 3 − 2 2 − 1 ) , A ( 2 ) = ( 5 − 4 4 − 3 ) , A ( 1 ) A ( 2 ) = ( 7 − 6 6 − 5 ) ,
A ( 1 ) + A ( 2 ) − A ( 1 ) A ( 2 ) = ( 3 + 5 − 7 2 + 4 − 6 − 2 − 4 + 6 − 1 − 3 + 5 ) = I 2 . A(1) + A(2) - A(1)A(2) = \begin{pmatrix}3 + 5 - 7 & 2 + 4 - 6\\ -2 - 4 + 6 & -1 - 3 + 5\end{pmatrix} = I_2. A ( 1 ) + A ( 2 ) − A ( 1 ) A ( 2 ) = ( 3 + 5 − 7 − 2 − 4 + 6 2 + 4 − 6 − 1 − 3 + 5 ) = I 2 .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
c) m , n m, n m , n naturale cu A ( m ) A ( n ) = A ( m + n ) A(m)A(n) = A(m+n) A ( m ) A ( n ) = A ( m + n ) ⇒ m = n = 1 \Rightarrow m = n = 1 ⇒ m = n = 1
A ( m ) A ( n ) = ( I 2 + 2 m N ) ( I 2 + 2 n N ) = I 2 + ( 2 m + 2 n ) N A(m)A(n) = (I_2 + 2^mN)(I_2 + 2^nN) = I_2 + (2^m + 2^n)N A ( m ) A ( n ) = ( I 2 + 2 m N ) ( I 2 + 2 n N ) = I 2 + ( 2 m + 2 n ) N (pentru că N 2 = O 2 N^2 = O_2 N 2 = O 2 ), iar A ( m + n ) = I 2 + 2 m + n N A(m+n) = I_2 + 2^{m+n}N A ( m + n ) = I 2 + 2 m + n N .
2 m + n = 2 m + 2 n ⟺ 2 m 2 n − 2 m − 2 n + 1 = 1 ⟺ ( 2 m − 1 ) ( 2 n − 1 ) = 1. 2^{m+n} = 2^m + 2^n \iff 2^m2^n - 2^m - 2^n + 1 = 1 \iff (2^m - 1)(2^n - 1) = 1. 2 m + n = 2 m + 2 n ⟺ 2 m 2 n − 2 m − 2 n + 1 = 1 ⟺ ( 2 m − 1 ) ( 2 n − 1 ) = 1.
Factorii sunt naturali, deci 2 m − 1 = 2 n − 1 = 1 2^m - 1 = 2^n - 1 = 1 2 m − 1 = 2 n − 1 = 1 , adică m = n = 1 m = n = 1 m = n = 1 . ■ \blacksquare ■ Barem: 2p + 3p.
2. Legea x ∗ y = x 2 + y 2 + x + y x * y = x^2 + y^2 + x + y x ∗ y = x 2 + y 2 + x + y
a) ( − 1 ) ∗ ( − 1 ) = 0 (-1) * (-1) = 0 ( − 1 ) ∗ ( − 1 ) = 0
1 + 1 − 1 − 1 = 0. 1 + 1 - 1 - 1 = 0. 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 = 0.
Barem: 3p + 2p.
b) x ∗ y = ( x + 1 2 ) 2 + ( y + 1 2 ) 2 − 1 2 x * y = \left(x + \frac12\right)^2 + \left(y + \frac12\right)^2 - \frac12 x ∗ y = ( x + 2 1 ) 2 + ( y + 2 1 ) 2 − 2 1
( x + 1 2 ) 2 + ( y + 1 2 ) 2 − 1 2 = x 2 + x + 1 4 + y 2 + y + 1 4 − 1 2 = x ∗ y . \left(x + \tfrac12\right)^2 + \left(y + \tfrac12\right)^2 - \tfrac12 = x^2 + x + \tfrac14 + y^2 + y + \tfrac14 - \tfrac12 = x * y. ( x + 2 1 ) 2 + ( y + 2 1 ) 2 − 2 1 = x 2 + x + 4 1 + y 2 + y + 4 1 − 2 1 = x ∗ y .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
c) x x x real cu x 2 ∗ x 2 ≤ 4 x^2 * x^2 \le 4 x 2 ∗ x 2 ≤ 4
2 ( x 2 + 1 2 ) 2 − 1 2 ≤ 4 ⟺ ( x 2 + 1 2 ) 2 ≤ 9 4 ⟺ x 2 + 1 2 ≤ 3 2 ⟺ x 2 ≤ 1 2\left(x^2 + \tfrac12\right)^2 - \tfrac12 \le 4 \iff \left(x^2 + \tfrac12\right)^2 \le \tfrac94 \iff x^2 + \tfrac12 \le \tfrac32 \iff x^2 \le 1 2 ( x 2 + 2 1 ) 2 − 2 1 ≤ 4 ⟺ ( x 2 + 2 1 ) 2 ≤ 4 9 ⟺ x 2 + 2 1 ≤ 2 3 ⟺ x 2 ≤ 1
(am folosit x 2 + 1 2 > 0 x^2 + \frac12 > 0 x 2 + 2 1 > 0 ).
Răspuns: x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] x \in [-1, 1] x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] . Barem: 3p + 2p.
Subiectul al III-lea (30 de puncte)
1. f : ( − 2 , ∞ ) → R f:(-2,\infty)\to\mathbb R f : ( − 2 , ∞ ) → R , f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x − 1 2 ln ( x + 2 ) f(x) = x^2 + 4x - \frac12\ln(x + 2) f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x − 2 1 ln ( x + 2 )
a) f ′ ( x ) = ( 2 x + 3 ) ( 2 x + 5 ) 2 ( x + 2 ) f'(x) = \dfrac{(2x+3)(2x+5)}{2(x+2)} f ′ ( x ) = 2 ( x + 2 ) ( 2 x + 3 ) ( 2 x + 5 )
f ′ ( x ) = 2 ( x + 2 ) − 1 2 ( x + 2 ) = 4 ( x + 2 ) 2 − 1 2 ( x + 2 ) = ( 2 x + 3 ) ( 2 x + 5 ) 2 ( x + 2 ) . f'(x) = 2(x + 2) - \frac1{2(x+2)} = \frac{4(x+2)^2 - 1}{2(x+2)} = \frac{(2x + 3)(2x + 5)}{2(x+2)}. f ′ ( x ) = 2 ( x + 2 ) − 2 ( x + 2 ) 1 = 2 ( x + 2 ) 4 ( x + 2 ) 2 − 1 = 2 ( x + 2 ) ( 2 x + 3 ) ( 2 x + 5 ) .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
b) lim x → + ∞ x 2 + 4 x − f ( x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}\dfrac{x^2 + 4x - f(x)}{x} x → + ∞ lim x x 2 + 4 x − f ( x )
lim x → ∞ 1 2 ln ( x + 2 ) x = l’H lim x → ∞ 1 2 ( x + 2 ) 1 = 0. \lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{\frac12\ln(x+2)}{x} \overset{\text{l'H}}{=} \lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{\frac1{2(x+2)}}{1} = 0. lim x → ∞ x 2 1 l n ( x + 2 ) = l’H lim x → ∞ 1 2 ( x + 2 ) 1 = 0.
Răspuns: 0 0 0 . Barem: 2p + 3p.
c) x 2 + 4 x + 15 4 ≥ 1 2 ln ( 2 x + 4 ) x^2 + 4x + \frac{15}4 \ge \frac12\ln(2x + 4) x 2 + 4 x + 4 15 ≥ 2 1 ln ( 2 x + 4 ) pe ( − 2 , ∞ ) (-2,\infty) ( − 2 , ∞ )
Pe ( − 2 , ∞ ) (-2,\infty) ( − 2 , ∞ ) : 2 x + 5 > 0 2x + 5 > 0 2 x + 5 > 0 , x + 2 > 0 x + 2 > 0 x + 2 > 0 , deci semnul lui f ′ f' f ′ este al lui 2 x + 3 2x + 3 2 x + 3 . f f f descrește pe ( − 2 , − 3 2 ] \left(-2, -\frac32\right] ( − 2 , − 2 3 ] și crește pe [ − 3 2 , ∞ ) \left[-\frac32, \infty\right) [ − 2 3 , ∞ ) , cu minimul
f ( − 3 2 ) = 9 4 − 6 − 1 2 ln 1 2 = − 15 4 + 1 2 ln 2. f\left(-\tfrac32\right) = \tfrac94 - 6 - \tfrac12\ln\tfrac12 = -\tfrac{15}4 + \tfrac12\ln2. f ( − 2 3 ) = 4 9 − 6 − 2 1 ln 2 1 = − 4 15 + 2 1 ln 2.
Din f ( x ) ≥ f ( − 3 2 ) f(x) \ge f\left(-\frac32\right) f ( x ) ≥ f ( − 2 3 ) : x 2 + 4 x + 15 4 ≥ 1 2 ln ( x + 2 ) + 1 2 ln 2 = 1 2 ln ( 2 x + 4 ) x^2 + 4x + \frac{15}4 \ge \frac12\ln(x + 2) + \frac12\ln2 = \frac12\ln(2x + 4) x 2 + 4 x + 4 15 ≥ 2 1 ln ( x + 2 ) + 2 1 ln 2 = 2 1 ln ( 2 x + 4 ) . ■ \blacksquare ■ Barem: 3p + 2p.
2. f ( x ) = 1 + 2 x 2 + 1 f(x) = 1 + \dfrac2{x^2 + 1} f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 + 1 2
a) ∫ 0 3 ( x 2 + 1 ) f ( x ) d x = 18 \displaystyle\int_0^3(x^2+1)f(x)dx = 18 ∫ 0 3 ( x 2 + 1 ) f ( x ) d x = 18
∫ 0 3 ( x 2 + 3 ) d x = ( x 3 3 + 3 x ) ∣ 0 3 = 9 + 9 = 18. \int_0^3(x^2 + 3)dx = \left(\frac{x^3}3 + 3x\right)\Big|_0^3 = 9 + 9 = 18. ∫ 0 3 ( x 2 + 3 ) d x = ( 3 x 3 + 3 x ) 0 3 = 9 + 9 = 18.
Barem: 3p + 2p.
b) ∫ 1 3 x f ( x ) d x = 4 + ln 5 \displaystyle\int_1^3xf(x)dx = 4 + \ln5 ∫ 1 3 x f ( x ) d x = 4 + ln 5
∫ 1 3 ( x + 2 x x 2 + 1 ) d x = ( x 2 2 + ln ( x 2 + 1 ) ) ∣ 1 3 = 9 − 1 2 + ln 10 − ln 2 = 4 + ln 5. \int_1^3\left(x + \frac{2x}{x^2+1}\right)dx = \left(\frac{x^2}2 + \ln(x^2+1)\right)\Big|_1^3 = \frac{9 - 1}{2} + \ln10 - \ln2 = 4 + \ln5. ∫ 1 3 ( x + x 2 + 1 2 x ) d x = ( 2 x 2 + ln ( x 2 + 1 ) ) 1 3 = 2 9 − 1 + ln 10 − ln 2 = 4 + ln 5.
Barem: 3p + 2p.
c) F ( x + 1 ) ≥ F ( x ) + 1 F(x + 1) \ge F(x) + 1 F ( x + 1 ) ≥ F ( x ) + 1
F ( x + 1 ) − F ( x ) = ∫ x x + 1 f ( t ) d t F(x + 1) - F(x) = \displaystyle\int_x^{x+1}f(t)dt F ( x + 1 ) − F ( x ) = ∫ x x + 1 f ( t ) d t . Cum f ( t ) = 1 + 2 t 2 + 1 > 1 f(t) = 1 + \frac2{t^2+1} > 1 f ( t ) = 1 + t 2 + 1 2 > 1 ,
∫ x x + 1 f ( t ) d t ≥ ∫ x x + 1 1 d t = 1 , \int_x^{x+1}f(t)dt \ge \int_x^{x+1}1\,dt = 1, ∫ x x + 1 f ( t ) d t ≥ ∫ x x + 1 1 d t = 1 ,
deci F ( x + 1 ) ≥ F ( x ) + 1 F(x+1) \ge F(x) + 1 F ( x + 1 ) ≥ F ( x ) + 1 . ■ \blacksquare ■ Barem: 2p + 3p.
Rezumatul răspunsurilor
Cerință Răspuns I.1 b 3 = 18 b_3 = 18 b 3 = 18 I.2 7 7 7 I.3 x = 5 x = 5 x = 5 I.4 p = 1 2 p = \frac12 p = 2 1 I.6 x = 3 π 4 x = \frac{3\pi}4 x = 4 3 π II.2.c x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] x \in [-1,1] x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] III.1.b 0 0 0
Ce merită reținut din varianta 2
Matrice de forma I 2 + t N I_2 + tN I 2 + tN cu N 2 = O 2 N^2 = O_2 N 2 = O 2 : produsul adună parametrii, ( I + a N ) ( I + b N ) = I + ( a + b ) N (I + aN)(I + bN) = I + (a+b)N ( I + a N ) ( I + b N ) = I + ( a + b ) N .
( 2 m − 1 ) ( 2 n − 1 ) = 1 (2^m - 1)(2^n - 1) = 1 ( 2 m − 1 ) ( 2 n − 1 ) = 1 — artificiul de factorizare pentru ecuații exponențiale în naturale.
Diferența de primitive F ( x + 1 ) − F ( x ) = ∫ x x + 1 f F(x+1) - F(x) = \int_x^{x+1}f F ( x + 1 ) − F ( x ) = ∫ x x + 1 f .