Rezolvarea completă a simulării pentru Bacalaureat 2021 la Matematică M_șt-nat (clasa a XII-a). Pentru fiecare cerință găsești enunțul pe scurt, rezolvarea pas cu pas, răspunsul final și cum se punctează conform baremului oficial. Timp de lucru: 3 ore; se acordă 10 puncte din oficiu.
Cum să folosești rezolvarea: lucrează întâi singur subiectul (deschide PDF-ul de mai sus), apoi compară fiecare pas. Dacă ai ajuns la alt drum corect, primești tot punctajul — baremul acceptă orice soluție corectă.
Subiectul I (30 de puncte)
1. z = 3 + 2 i z = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2 i ; arătați că z + 13 z = 6 z + \frac{13}z = 6 z + z 13 = 6
13 3 + 2 i = 13 ( 3 − 2 i ) 9 + 4 = 3 − 2 i ⇒ z + 13 z = 3 + 2 i + 3 − 2 i = 6. \frac{13}{3 + 2i} = \frac{13(3 - 2i)}{9 + 4} = 3 - 2i \Rightarrow z + \frac{13}z = 3 + 2i + 3 - 2i = 6. 3 + 2 i 13 = 9 + 4 13 ( 3 − 2 i ) = 3 − 2 i ⇒ z + z 13 = 3 + 2 i + 3 − 2 i = 6.
Barem: 3p + 2p.
2. f ( x ) = 3 x − 5 f(x) = 3x - 5 f ( x ) = 3 x − 5 , g ( x ) = x 2 + x g(x) = x^2 + x g ( x ) = x 2 + x ; a a a cu ( f ∘ g ) ( a ) = ( f ∘ g ) ( − a ) (f\circ g)(a) = (f\circ g)(-a) ( f ∘ g ) ( a ) = ( f ∘ g ) ( − a )
f f f e injectivă, deci condiția devine g ( a ) = g ( − a ) g(a) = g(-a) g ( a ) = g ( − a ) : a 2 + a = a 2 − a ⟺ a = 0 a^2 + a = a^2 - a \iff a = 0 a 2 + a = a 2 − a ⟺ a = 0 .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
3. Ecuația 3 3 x + 5 = 9 ⋅ 3 x + 1 3^{3x+5} = 9\cdot3^{x+1} 3 3 x + 5 = 9 ⋅ 3 x + 1
9 ⋅ 3 x + 1 = 3 x + 3 9\cdot3^{x+1} = 3^{x+3} 9 ⋅ 3 x + 1 = 3 x + 3 , deci 3 x + 5 = x + 3 ⟺ x = − 1 3x + 5 = x + 3 \iff x = -1 3 x + 5 = x + 3 ⟺ x = − 1 .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
4. A A A cu 4 elemente; probabilitatea ca o submulțime să aibă număr impar de elemente
Cazuri posibile: 2 4 = 16 2^4 = 16 2 4 = 16 submulțimi. Favorabile: C 4 1 + C 4 3 = 4 + 4 = 8 C_4^1 + C_4^3 = 4 + 4 = 8 C 4 1 + C 4 3 = 4 + 4 = 8 .
p = 8 16 = 1 2 . p = \frac8{16} = \frac12. p = 16 8 = 2 1 .
Barem: 2p + 2p + 1p.
5. A ( 1 , 3 ) A(1,3) A ( 1 , 3 ) , B ( 3 , 5 ) B(3,5) B ( 3 , 5 ) , C ( 0 , 6 ) C(0,6) C ( 0 , 6 ) ; dreapta prin A A A paralelă cu mediana din C C C
Mijlocul lui A B AB A B : M ( 2 , 4 ) M(2,4) M ( 2 , 4 ) ; m C M = 4 − 6 2 − 0 = − 1 m_{CM} = \frac{4 - 6}{2 - 0} = -1 m C M = 2 − 0 4 − 6 = − 1 . Deci m d = − 1 m_d = -1 m d = − 1 :
d : y − 3 = − ( x − 1 ) ⟺ y = − x + 4. d:\ y - 3 = -(x - 1) \iff y = -x + 4. d : y − 3 = − ( x − 1 ) ⟺ y = − x + 4.
Barem: 2p + 3p.
6. A B = 2 AB = 2 A B = 2 , A C = 2 3 AC = 2\sqrt3 A C = 2 3 , B = π 3 B = \frac\pi3 B = 3 π ; lungimea lui B C BC B C
Teorema cosinusului: A C 2 = A B 2 + B C 2 − 2 A B ⋅ B C cos B AC^2 = AB^2 + BC^2 - 2AB\cdot BC\cos B A C 2 = A B 2 + B C 2 − 2 A B ⋅ B C cos B :
12 = 4 + B C 2 − 2 B C ⟺ B C 2 − 2 B C − 8 = 0 ⟺ ( B C − 4 ) ( B C + 2 ) = 0. 12 = 4 + BC^2 - 2BC \iff BC^2 - 2BC - 8 = 0 \iff (BC - 4)(BC + 2) = 0. 12 = 4 + B C 2 − 2 B C ⟺ B C 2 − 2 B C − 8 = 0 ⟺ ( B C − 4 ) ( B C + 2 ) = 0.
Răspuns: B C = 4 BC = 4 B C = 4 . Barem: 3p + 2p.
Subiectul al II-lea (30 de puncte)
1. A ( x ) = ( 1 + 2 x 0 − 4 x 0 a 0 x 0 1 − 2 x ) A(x) = \begin{pmatrix}1 + 2x & 0 & -4x\\ 0 & a & 0\\ x & 0 & 1 - 2x\end{pmatrix} A ( x ) = 1 + 2 x 0 x 0 a 0 − 4 x 0 1 − 2 x , a ≠ 0 a \ne 0 a = 0
a) det A ( x ) = a \det A(x) = a det A ( x ) = a
Dezvoltând după linia a doua:
det A ( x ) = a [ ( 1 + 2 x ) ( 1 − 2 x ) + 4 x 2 ] = a ( 1 − 4 x 2 + 4 x 2 ) = a . \det A(x) = a\big[(1 + 2x)(1 - 2x) + 4x^2\big] = a(1 - 4x^2 + 4x^2) = a. det A ( x ) = a [ ( 1 + 2 x ) ( 1 − 2 x ) + 4 x 2 ] = a ( 1 − 4 x 2 + 4 x 2 ) = a .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
b) a a a cu A ( x ) A ( y ) = A ( x + y ) A(x)A(y) = A(x + y) A ( x ) A ( y ) = A ( x + y ) pentru orice x , y x, y x , y
Calculând produsul: ( 1 + 2 x ) ( 1 + 2 y ) − 4 x y = 1 + 2 ( x + y ) (1+2x)(1+2y) - 4xy = 1 + 2(x+y) ( 1 + 2 x ) ( 1 + 2 y ) − 4 x y = 1 + 2 ( x + y ) ; − 4 y ( 1 + 2 x ) − 4 x ( 1 − 2 y ) = − 4 ( x + y ) -4y(1+2x) - 4x(1-2y) = -4(x+y) − 4 y ( 1 + 2 x ) − 4 x ( 1 − 2 y ) = − 4 ( x + y ) ; x ( 1 + 2 y ) + y ( 1 − 2 x ) = x + y x(1+2y) + y(1-2x) = x + y x ( 1 + 2 y ) + y ( 1 − 2 x ) = x + y ; − 4 x y + ( 1 − 2 x ) ( 1 − 2 y ) = 1 − 2 ( x + y ) -4xy + (1-2x)(1-2y) = 1 - 2(x+y) − 4 x y + ( 1 − 2 x ) ( 1 − 2 y ) = 1 − 2 ( x + y ) , iar elementul central este a 2 a^2 a 2 :
A ( x ) A ( y ) = ( 1 + 2 ( x + y ) 0 − 4 ( x + y ) 0 a 2 0 x + y 0 1 − 2 ( x + y ) ) . A(x)A(y) = \begin{pmatrix}1 + 2(x+y) & 0 & -4(x+y)\\ 0 & a^2 & 0\\ x + y & 0 & 1 - 2(x+y)\end{pmatrix}. A ( x ) A ( y ) = 1 + 2 ( x + y ) 0 x + y 0 a 2 0 − 4 ( x + y ) 0 1 − 2 ( x + y ) .
Egalitatea cu A ( x + y ) A(x+y) A ( x + y ) cere a 2 = a a^2 = a a 2 = a , și cum a ≠ 0 a \ne 0 a = 0 , a = 1 a = 1 a = 1 . Barem: 3p + 2p.
c) Pentru a = 1 a = 1 a = 1 , X X X cu A ( 2 ) ⋅ X = A ( 3 ) A(2)\cdot X = A(3) A ( 2 ) ⋅ X = A ( 3 )
A ( − 2 ) A ( 2 ) = A ( 0 ) = I 3 A(-2)A(2) = A(0) = I_3 A ( − 2 ) A ( 2 ) = A ( 0 ) = I 3 , deci A ( 2 ) − 1 = A ( − 2 ) A(2)^{-1} = A(-2) A ( 2 ) − 1 = A ( − 2 ) și
X = A ( − 2 ) A ( 3 ) = A ( 1 ) = ( 3 0 − 4 0 1 0 1 0 − 1 ) . X = A(-2)A(3) = A(1) = \begin{pmatrix}3&0&-4\\0&1&0\\1&0&-1\end{pmatrix}. X = A ( − 2 ) A ( 3 ) = A ( 1 ) = 3 0 1 0 1 0 − 4 0 − 1 .
Barem: 2p + 3p.
2. Pe M = [ 0 , ∞ ) M = [0,\infty) M = [ 0 , ∞ ) : x ∗ y = log 2 ( 2 x + 2 y − 1 ) x * y = \log_2\left(2^x + 2^y - 1\right) x ∗ y = log 2 ( 2 x + 2 y − 1 )
a) 0 ∗ 2021 = 2021 0 * 2021 = 2021 0 ∗ 2021 = 2021
0 ∗ 2021 = log 2 ( 1 + 2 2021 − 1 ) = log 2 2 2021 = 2021. 0 * 2021 = \log_2(1 + 2^{2021} - 1) = \log_22^{2021} = 2021. 0 ∗ 2021 = log 2 ( 1 + 2 2021 − 1 ) = log 2 2 2021 = 2021.
Barem: 3p + 2p.
b) Elementul neutru
x ∗ e = x ⟺ 2 x + 2 e − 1 = 2 x ⟺ 2 e = 1 ⟺ e = 0 ∈ M x * e = x \iff 2^x + 2^e - 1 = 2^x \iff 2^e = 1 \iff e = 0 \in M x ∗ e = x ⟺ 2 x + 2 e − 1 = 2 x ⟺ 2 e = 1 ⟺ e = 0 ∈ M . Verificare: 0 ∗ x = log 2 ( 1 + 2 x − 1 ) = x 0 * x = \log_2(1 + 2^x - 1) = x 0 ∗ x = log 2 ( 1 + 2 x − 1 ) = x .
Răspuns: e = 0 e = 0 e = 0 . Barem: 3p + 2p.
c) x ∈ M x \in M x ∈ M cu x ∗ ( x + 1 ) ∗ ( x + 2 ) = log 2 54 x * (x+1) * (x+2) = \log_254 x ∗ ( x + 1 ) ∗ ( x + 2 ) = log 2 54
Din asociativitate: x ∗ y ∗ z = log 2 ( 2 x + 2 y + 2 z − 2 ) x * y * z = \log_2(2^x + 2^y + 2^z - 2) x ∗ y ∗ z = log 2 ( 2 x + 2 y + 2 z − 2 ) . Atunci
2 x + 2 ⋅ 2 x + 4 ⋅ 2 x − 2 = 54 ⟺ 7 ⋅ 2 x = 56 ⟺ 2 x = 8 ⟺ x = 3 ∈ M . 2^x + 2\cdot2^x + 4\cdot2^x - 2 = 54 \iff 7\cdot2^x = 56 \iff 2^x = 8 \iff x = 3 \in M. 2 x + 2 ⋅ 2 x + 4 ⋅ 2 x − 2 = 54 ⟺ 7 ⋅ 2 x = 56 ⟺ 2 x = 8 ⟺ x = 3 ∈ M .
Răspuns: x = 3 x = 3 x = 3 . Barem: 3p + 2p.
Subiectul al III-lea (30 de puncte)
1. f ( x ) = x 2 + x + 1 x 2 + 1 f(x) = \sqrt{\dfrac{x^2 + x + 1}{x^2 + 1}} f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 x 2 + x + 1
a) f ′ ( x ) = 1 − x 2 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) f'(x) = \dfrac{1 - x^2}{2(x^2+1)\sqrt{(x^2+x+1)(x^2+1)}} f ′ ( x ) = 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) 1 − x 2
Cu u = x 2 + x + 1 x 2 + 1 u = \frac{x^2+x+1}{x^2+1} u = x 2 + 1 x 2 + x + 1 : u ′ = ( 2 x + 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) − 2 x ( x 2 + x + 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 = 1 − x 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 u' = \dfrac{(2x+1)(x^2+1) - 2x(x^2+x+1)}{(x^2+1)^2} = \dfrac{1 - x^2}{(x^2+1)^2} u ′ = ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 ( 2 x + 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) − 2 x ( x 2 + x + 1 ) = ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 1 − x 2 .
f ′ ( x ) = u ′ 2 u = 1 − x 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 ⋅ x 2 + 1 2 x 2 + x + 1 = 1 − x 2 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) . f'(x) = \frac{u'}{2\sqrt u} = \frac{1 - x^2}{(x^2+1)^2}\cdot\frac{\sqrt{x^2+1}}{2\sqrt{x^2+x+1}} = \frac{1 - x^2}{2(x^2+1)\sqrt{(x^2+x+1)(x^2+1)}}. f ′ ( x ) = 2 u u ′ = ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 1 − x 2 ⋅ 2 x 2 + x + 1 x 2 + 1 = 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) 1 − x 2 .
Barem: 2p + 3p.
b) Asimptota orizontală spre − ∞ -\infty − ∞
lim x → − ∞ f ( x ) = lim x → − ∞ 1 + 1 x + 1 x 2 1 + 1 x 2 = 1. \lim_{x\to-\infty}f(x) = \lim_{x\to-\infty}\sqrt{\frac{1 + \frac1x + \frac1{x^2}}{1 + \frac1{x^2}}} = 1. lim x → − ∞ f ( x ) = lim x → − ∞ 1 + x 2 1 1 + x 1 + x 2 1 = 1.
Răspuns: y = 1 y = 1 y = 1 . Barem: 3p + 2p.
c) 2 ≤ x 2 + x + 1 x 2 + 1 + x 2 − x + 1 x 2 + 1 ≤ 6 \sqrt2 \le \sqrt{\dfrac{x^2+x+1}{x^2+1}} + \sqrt{\dfrac{x^2-x+1}{x^2+1}} \le \sqrt6 2 ≤ x 2 + 1 x 2 + x + 1 + x 2 + 1 x 2 − x + 1 ≤ 6
Semnul lui f ′ f' f ′ este al lui 1 − x 2 1 - x^2 1 − x 2 : f f f descrescătoare pe ( − ∞ , − 1 ] (-\infty,-1] ( − ∞ , − 1 ] , crescătoare pe [ − 1 , 1 ] [-1,1] [ − 1 , 1 ] , descrescătoare pe [ 1 , ∞ ) [1,\infty) [ 1 , ∞ ) , cu lim x → ± ∞ f = 1 \lim\limits_{x\to\pm\infty}f = 1 x → ± ∞ lim f = 1 .
f ( − 1 ) = 1 2 = 2 2 f(-1) = \sqrt{\frac12} = \frac{\sqrt2}2 f ( − 1 ) = 2 1 = 2 2 (minim global), f ( 1 ) = 3 2 = 6 2 f(1) = \sqrt{\frac32} = \frac{\sqrt6}2 f ( 1 ) = 2 3 = 2 6 (maxim global). Deci 2 2 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 6 2 \frac{\sqrt2}2 \le f(x) \le \frac{\sqrt6}2 2 2 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 2 6 pentru orice x x x .
Al doilea radical este f ( − x ) f(-x) f ( − x ) , deci adunând inegalitățile pentru x x x și − x -x − x : 2 ≤ f ( x ) + f ( − x ) ≤ 6 \sqrt2 \le f(x) + f(-x) \le \sqrt6 2 ≤ f ( x ) + f ( − x ) ≤ 6 . ■ \blacksquare ■ Barem: 2p + 3p.
2. f : ( 0 , ∞ ) → R f:(0,\infty)\to\mathbb R f : ( 0 , ∞ ) → R , f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 − 2 ln x f(x) = 2x + 3 - 2\ln x f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 − 2 ln x
a) ∫ 1 3 ( f ( x ) + 2 ln x ) d x = 14 \displaystyle\int_1^3\left(f(x) + 2\ln x\right)dx = 14 ∫ 1 3 ( f ( x ) + 2 ln x ) d x = 14
∫ 1 3 ( 2 x + 3 ) d x = ( x 2 + 3 x ) ∣ 1 3 = 18 − 4 = 14. \int_1^3(2x + 3)dx = (x^2 + 3x)\Big|_1^3 = 18 - 4 = 14. ∫ 1 3 ( 2 x + 3 ) d x = ( x 2 + 3 x ) 1 3 = 18 − 4 = 14.
Barem: 3p + 2p.
b) Calculați ∫ 1 e ( 2 x + 3 − f ( x ) ) d x \displaystyle\int_1^e\left(2x + 3 - f(x)\right)dx ∫ 1 e ( 2 x + 3 − f ( x ) ) d x
∫ 1 e 2 ln x d x = 2 ( x ln x − x ) ∣ 1 e = 2 [ ( e − e ) − ( 0 − 1 ) ] = 2. \int_1^e2\ln x\,dx = 2(x\ln x - x)\Big|_1^e = 2\big[(e - e) - (0 - 1)\big] = 2. ∫ 1 e 2 ln x d x = 2 ( x ln x − x ) 1 e = 2 [ ( e − e ) − ( 0 − 1 ) ] = 2.
Răspuns: 2 2 2 . Barem: 3p + 2p.
c) ∫ 0 1 x 2 f ( x 3 + 1 ) d x = 4 ( 2 − ln 2 ) 3 \displaystyle\int_0^1x^2f(x^3 + 1)dx = \frac{4(2 - \ln2)}3 ∫ 0 1 x 2 f ( x 3 + 1 ) d x = 3 4 ( 2 − ln 2 )
Cu t = x 3 + 1 t = x^3 + 1 t = x 3 + 1 , d t = 3 x 2 d x dt = 3x^2dx d t = 3 x 2 d x :
1 3 ∫ 1 2 f ( t ) d t = 1 3 [ t 2 + 3 t − 2 ( t ln t − t ) ] 1 2 = 1 3 [ ( 4 + 6 − 4 ln 2 + 4 ) − ( 1 + 3 + 2 ) ] = 8 − 4 ln 2 3 = 4 ( 2 − ln 2 ) 3 . \frac13\int_1^2f(t)dt = \frac13\Big[t^2 + 3t - 2(t\ln t - t)\Big]_1^2 = \frac13\big[(4 + 6 - 4\ln2 + 4) - (1 + 3 + 2)\big] = \frac{8 - 4\ln2}{3} = \frac{4(2 - \ln2)}{3}. 3 1 ∫ 1 2 f ( t ) d t = 3 1 [ t 2 + 3 t − 2 ( t ln t − t ) ] 1 2 = 3 1 [ ( 4 + 6 − 4 ln 2 + 4 ) − ( 1 + 3 + 2 ) ] = 3 8 − 4 l n 2 = 3 4 ( 2 − l n 2 ) .
Barem: 3p + 2p.
Rezumatul răspunsurilor
Cerință Răspuns I.2 a = 0 a = 0 a = 0 I.3 x = − 1 x = -1 x = − 1 I.4 p = 1 2 p = \frac12 p = 2 1 I.5 y = − x + 4 y = -x + 4 y = − x + 4 I.6 B C = 4 BC = 4 B C = 4 II.1.b a = 1 a = 1 a = 1 II.1.c X = A ( 1 ) X = A(1) X = A ( 1 ) II.2.b e = 0 e = 0 e = 0 II.2.c x = 3 x = 3 x = 3 III.1.b y = 1 y = 1 y = 1 III.2.b 2 2 2
Ce merită reținut din simulare
Familii de matrice cu A ( x ) A ( y ) = A ( x + y ) A(x)A(y) = A(x+y) A ( x ) A ( y ) = A ( x + y ) : inversa lui A ( x ) A(x) A ( x ) este A ( − x ) A(-x) A ( − x ) .
Legea log 2 ( 2 x + 2 y − 1 ) \log_2(2^x + 2^y - 1) log 2 ( 2 x + 2 y − 1 ) se extinde natural: x ∗ y ∗ z = log 2 ( 2 x + 2 y + 2 z − 2 ) x*y*z = \log_2(2^x + 2^y + 2^z - 2) x ∗ y ∗ z = log 2 ( 2 x + 2 y + 2 z − 2 ) .
∫ ln x d x = x ln x − x \int\ln x\,dx = x\ln x - x ∫ ln x d x = x ln x − x .